Embarking on a journey to Nigeria offers a rich and diverse experience, but it’s essential to be well-prepared. Here are ten crucial insights to consider before your visit:

1. Visa and Entry Requirements

Securing the appropriate visa is mandatory for travelers to Nigeria. The process typically involves providing a valid passport with at least six months’ validity, a completed application form, recent passport-sized photographs, proof of accommodation or an invitation letter, and evidence of sufficient funds for your stay. It’s advisable to consult the Nigerian embassy or consulate in your country for specific requirements and processing times, as these can vary. Additionally, ensure you have a return or onward ticket, as immigration officials may request proof of your travel plans. Being meticulous with your documentation can prevent potential entry issues upon arrival.

2. Health Precautions and Vaccinations

Before traveling to Nigeria, it’s essential to take necessary health precautions. A valid yellow fever vaccination certificate is mandatory for entry. Other recommended vaccinations include hepatitis A and B, typhoid, meningitis, and routine immunizations like measles-mumps-rubella (MMR). Malaria is prevalent in Nigeria; therefore, taking prophylactic antimalarial medication is strongly advised. Using insect repellent, sleeping under mosquito nets, and wearing long-sleeved clothing during evening hours can further reduce the risk. Consulting a travel health specialist six to eight weeks before your trip ensures you receive personalized advice and necessary immunizations.

3. Currency and Financial Transactions

The Nigerian Naira (NGN) is the official currency. While major cities like Lagos and Abuja have establishments that accept credit and debit cards, cash remains the predominant mode of transaction, especially in rural areas. ATMs are available but can be unreliable due to connectivity issues or cash shortages. It’s prudent to carry sufficient cash for daily expenses and smaller denominations for convenience. Currency exchange services are offered at airports, banks, and licensed bureaux de change; however, caution is advised when dealing with unofficial money changers to avoid counterfeit notes. Inform your bank of your travel plans to prevent card usage issues and consider carrying a backup payment method. Additionally, money can now be accessed via Point of Sale (POS) machines, which have become one of the most popular and reliable means of obtaining cash in Nigeria, offering a convenient alternative to ATMs.

4. Cultural Etiquette and Social Norms

Nigeria is a mosaic of over 250 ethnic groups, each with distinct customs and traditions. Respecting local etiquette enhances interactions and demonstrates cultural sensitivity. Greetings are significant; a firm handshake accompanied by a warm smile is customary. In some cultures, elders are greeted first as a sign of respect, and a respectful bow—sometimes even a slight prostration—is required when addressing someone older, although full prostration is not common. Addressing individuals by their titles and surnames until invited to use their first names is considered polite; indeed, in many Nigerian communities, respect is so integral that people are rarely called directly by their given names. Modest dressing is appreciated, especially in northern regions with conservative values. Public displays of affection are minimal, and using the right hand for giving and receiving items is customary, as the left hand is generally deemed impolite for such interactions.

5. Transportation and Road Safety

Navigating Nigerian cities requires awareness and caution. Traffic congestion, especially in urban centers like Lagos, is common. Public transportation options include buses, taxis, and motorbike taxis (okadas). However, safety standards can vary. Ride-hailing services such as Uber and Bolt operate in major cities and are generally safer and more reliable. If driving, be prepared for varying road conditions and driving behaviors. Always wear seat belts, avoid nighttime travel in unfamiliar areas, and remain vigilant at all times. It’s advisable to have a local guide or trusted contact when exploring new regions.

6. Safety and Security

While many travelers visit Nigeria without incident, being aware of safety considerations is crucial. Petty crimes like pickpocketing and scams can occur, particularly in crowded areas. Stay vigilant, avoid displaying valuables, and be cautious when using ATMs. Certain regions, especially in the northeast, have experienced security challenges due to insurgent activities. Before traveling, consult travel advisories from reputable sources and stay updated on local news. Engaging a reputable local guide or travel agency can provide additional safety and enrich your experience.

7. Communication and Language

English is Nigeria’s official language and is widely spoken, especially in urban areas. However, Nigerian Pidgin English—a creole language blending English with local dialects—is commonly used in informal settings. Familiarizing yourself with basic Pidgin phrases can enhance interactions and endear you to locals. Additionally, with over 500 indigenous languages, you may encounter Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, and others, depending on the region. Mobile phone coverage is extensive in cities, and purchasing a local SIM card upon arrival can facilitate communication and access to internet services.

8. Climate and Packing Essentials

Nigeria’s climate varies from tropical in the south to arid in the north. The country experiences a rainy season (April to October) and a dry season (November to March). Temperatures are generally warm year-round. Light, breathable clothing is recommended, along with a hat and sunglasses for sun protection. During the rainy season, a waterproof jacket and appropriate footwear are essential. Including insect repellent, sunscreen, and a basic first-aid kit in your packing list is advisable. For visits to religious or traditional sites, modest attire that covers shoulders and knees is respectful and often required.

9. Cuisine and Dietary Considerations

Nigerian cuisine is diverse, flavorful, and varies by region. Staple dishes include jollof rice, pounded yam with egusi soup, and suya (spiced grilled meat). Street food is popular and offers an authentic culinary experience; however, ensure food is freshly prepared to minimize health risks. Bottled water is recommended over tap water to prevent waterborne illnesses. If you have dietary restrictions, communicate them clearly, as some dishes can be spicy or contain allergens. Exploring local markets and eateries provides insight into Nigeria’s rich food culture, but always prioritize hygiene and food safety.

10. Business Etiquette and Networking

Understanding Nigerian business etiquette is crucial for fostering successful professional relationships. Punctuality is valued; however, it’s common for meetings to start later than scheduled due to unpredictable factors like traffic. Engaging in light conversation, known locally as “gist,” before delving into business matters helps build rapport. Dress codes are typically formal, with suits being standard attire, though traditional African attire is also acceptable in appropriate settings. Social invitations are common and should be accepted when possible, as they provide opportunities to strengthen connections. Be prepared for substantial meals during these gatherings, often served later in the evening. Demonstrating patience, respect for local customs, and a willingness to engage socially can significantly enhance your business dealings in Nigeria.